SQL Cheat Sheet

The SQL cheat sheet provides you with the most commonly used SQL statements for your reference. You can download the SQL cheat sheet as follows:

Download 3-page SQL cheat sheet in PDF format

Querying data from a table

Query data in columns c1, c2 from a table

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Query all rows and columns from a table

SELECT * FROM t;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Query data and filter rows with a condition

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t
WHERE condition;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Query distinct rows from a table

SELECT DISTINCT c1 FROM t
WHERE condition;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Sort the result set in ascending or descending order

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t
ORDER BY c1 ASC [DESC];Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Skip offset of rows and return the next n rows

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t
ORDER BY c1 
LIMIT n OFFSET offset;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Group rows using an aggregate function

SELECT c1, aggregate(c2)
FROM t
GROUP BY c1;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Filter groups using HAVING clause

SELECT c1, aggregate(c2)
FROM t
GROUP BY c1
HAVING condition;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Querying from multiple tables

Inner join t1 and t2

SELECT c1, c2 
FROM t1
INNER JOIN t2 ON condition;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Left join t1 and t1

SELECT c1, c2 
FROM t1
LEFT JOIN t2 ON condition;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Right join t1 and t2

SELECT c1, c2 
FROM t1
RIGHT JOIN t2 ON condition;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Perform full outer join

SELECT c1, c2 
FROM t1
FULL OUTER JOIN t2 ON condition;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Produce a Cartesian product of rows in tables

SELECT c1, c2 
FROM t1
CROSS JOIN t2;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Another way to perform cross join

SELECT c1, c2 
FROM t1, t2;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Join t1 to itself using INNER JOIN clause

SELECT c1, c2
FROM t1 A
INNER JOIN t1 B ON condition;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Using SQL Operators

Combine rows from two queries

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1
UNION [ALL]
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t2;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Return the intersection of two queries

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1
INTERSECT
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t2;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Subtract a result set from another result set

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1
MINUS
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t2;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Query rows using pattern matching %, _

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1
WHERE c1 [NOT] LIKE pattern;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Query rows in a list

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t
WHERE c1 [NOT] IN value_list;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Query rows between two values

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t
WHERE  c1 BETWEEN low AND high;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Check if values in a table is NULL or not

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t
WHERE  c1 IS [NOT] NULL;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Managing tables

Create a new table with three columns

CREATE TABLE t (
     id INT PRIMARY KEY,
     name VARCHAR NOT NULL,
     price INT DEFAULT 0
);
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Delete the table from the database

DROP TABLE t ;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Add a new column to the table

ALTER TABLE t ADD column;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Drop column c from the table

ALTER TABLE t DROP COLUMN c ;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Add a constraint

ALTER TABLE t ADD constraint;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Drop a constraint

ALTER TABLE t DROP constraint;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Rename a table from t1 to t2

ALTER TABLE t1 RENAME TO t2;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Rename column c1 to c2

ALTER TABLE t1 RENAME c1 TO c2 ;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Remove all data in a table

TRUNCATE TABLE t;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Using SQL constraints

Set c1 and c2 as a primary key

CREATE TABLE t(
    c1 INT, c2 INT, c3 VARCHAR,
    PRIMARY KEY (c1,c2)
);
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Set c2 column as a foreign key

CREATE TABLE t1(
    c1 INT PRIMARY KEY,  
    c2 INT,
    FOREIGN KEY (c2) REFERENCES t2(c2)
);
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Make the values in c1 and c2 unique

CREATE TABLE t(
    c1 INT, c1 INT,
    UNIQUE(c2,c3)
);
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Ensure c1 > 0 and values in c1 >= c2

CREATE TABLE t(
  c1 INT, c2 INT,
  CHECK(c1> 0 AND c1 >= c2)
);
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Set values in c2 column not NULL

CREATE TABLE t(
     c1 INT PRIMARY KEY,
     c2 VARCHAR NOT NULL
);
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Modifying Data

Insert one row into a table

INSERT INTO t(column_list)
VALUES(value_list);
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Insert multiple rows into a table

INSERT INTO t(column_list)
VALUES (value_list), 
       (value_list), …;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Insert rows from t2 into t1

INSERT INTO t1(column_list)
SELECT column_list
FROM t2;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Update new value in the column c1 for all rows

UPDATE t
SET c1 = new_value;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Update values in the column c1, c2 that match the condition

UPDATE t
SET c1 = new_value, 
        c2 = new_value
WHERE condition;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Delete all data in a table

DELETE FROM t;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Delete subset of rows in a table

DELETE FROM t
WHERE condition;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Managing Views

Create a new view that consists  of c1 and c2

CREATE VIEW v(c1,c2) 
AS
SELECT c1, c2
FROM t;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Create a new view with check option

CREATE VIEW v(c1,c2) 
AS
SELECT c1, c2
FROM t;
WITH [CASCADED | LOCAL] CHECK OPTION;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Create a recursive view

CREATE RECURSIVE VIEW v 
AS
select-statement -- anchor part
UNION [ALL]
select-statement; -- recursive part
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Create a temporary view

CREATE TEMPORARY VIEW v 
AS
SELECT c1, c2
FROM t;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Delete a view

DROP VIEW view_name;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Managing indexes

Create an index on c1 and c2 of the t table

CREATE INDEX idx_name 
ON t(c1,c2);
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Create a unique index on c3, c4 of the t table

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_name
ON t(c3,c4)
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Drop an index

DROP INDEX idx_name;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Managing triggers

Create or modify a trigger

CREATE OR MODIFY TRIGGER trigger_name
WHEN EVENT
ON table_name TRIGGER_TYPE
EXECUTE stored_procedure;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

WHEN

• BEFORE – invoke before the event occurs
• AFTER – invoke after the event occurs

EVENT

• INSERT – invoke for INSERT
• UPDATE – invoke for UPDATE
• DELETE – invoke for DELETE

TRIGGER_TYPE

• FOR EACH ROW
• FOR EACH STATEMENT

Delete a specific trigger

DROP TRIGGER trigger_name;
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)